The toxic effect of chemicals from burning incense (Bakhour) on immune system

Alzahrani, Rawan and Helmi, Nawal and Hakeem, Israa (2025) The toxic effect of chemicals from burning incense (Bakhour) on immune system. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 25 (2). pp. 1681-1692. ISSN 2581-9615

Outdoor air pollution is a significant environmental health concern, linked to chronic respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and immunosuppression. One common indoor air pollutant is Bakhour, a fragrant incense burned in many homes. Despite its widespread use, little research has explored the potential health risks associated with Bakhour smoke exposure. This study investigated the toxic effects of Bakhour smoke on the immune system. Three popular types of Bakhour (Oud, Mabthoth, and Mastic) were burned for four hours daily for two weeks, exposing 20 rats to the smoke. Weight, blood serum antibody levels (Immunoglobulin G and M), and spleen function were measured. Results revealed that exposure to Bakhour smoke damaged spleen cells and led to immunosuppression, with the most severe effects observed in rats exposed to Mabthoth. Additionally, the study found a correlation between Bakhour smoke exposure and antibody formation. To reduce exposure to Bakhour emissions, the study recommends minimizing burning time, increasing ventilation, and avoiding the use of charcoal. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the health risks associated with Bakhour smoke and taking steps to mitigate its impact on public health.