The interplay of environmental and genetic factors, along with the contributions of cellular and humoral immunity, in the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Mohammed, Hayam Aziz and Altaiee, Marwah Sabah (2025) The interplay of environmental and genetic factors, along with the contributions of cellular and humoral immunity, in the pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 27 (2). pp. 1625-1631. ISSN 2581-9615

Type 1 diabetes Mellitus is a long-term autoimmune condition that causes the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin to be destroyed. The precise causes of type 1 diabetes are unknown, but it is believed to be a complicated disease brought on by a mix of genetic and environmental factors that trigger an autoimmune response that attacks pancreatic cells. HLA gene variants are a significant cause of heightened susceptibility to the illness, in addition to environmental factors such as diet, vitamin deficiencies, and viral infections. GAD65, IAA, and ZnT8 are examples of autoantibodies that might appear years before symptoms develop and are markers of the disease's progression. The immune system's intricate mechanisms of humoral and cellular apoptosis and inflammation lead to the death of beta cells. Appropriate therapy, follow-up, and early identification of these immunological markers can enhance patients' quality of life and lessen the impact of the illness.