Optimizing outcomes in lower extremity reconstruction: Innovations in microvascular and perforator flap surgery

Dandoulakis, Emmanouil (2025) Optimizing outcomes in lower extremity reconstruction: Innovations in microvascular and perforator flap surgery. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 27 (2). pp. 1180-1190. ISSN 2581-9615

Management of lower extremity reconstruction is significant in reconstructing patients with complex defects due to trauma, oncology section resection, and chronic diseases like diabetic foot ulcers and peripheral vascular diseases in restoring functions, aesthetics, and quality of life among patients. The difficulties of these cases are unique because the risks of infection are high, the shortage of local tissues is significant, and the results should be durable, load-bearing, and cosmetically satisfactory. The article is a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the area of microvascular and perforator flaps surgery and new flap shapes, i.e., chimeric and super-thin perforator flaps, and novel intraoperative tools, i.e., indocyanine green (ICG) angiography, 3D printing (to generate a surgical plan), and robotically assisted microsurgery. Moreover, the outcomes of reconstructive surgery are evolving with the application of whole-body systems, including stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma, and tissue-engineered flaps. Planning for optimal surgical outcomes is also provided in the article, encompassing preoperative planning (e.g., multidisciplinary approach, patient preparation, and imaging), intraoperative planning (e.g., supermicrosurgery and real-time observation of flaps), and postoperative planning (e.g., rehabilitation and prevention of complications). These advances enhance the survival of flaps, minimize donor site complications, and improve both functional and aesthetic outcomes. Such advancements in the clinical and research contexts are too vast to overlook, and this will pave the way for improved patient treatment. As a solution to this, the article suggests further research, intensive training, and more access to advanced reconstructive procedures by researchers globally to bridge any extant gap to allow patients, with the aid of the lower extremity reconstruction they require, and, by extension, offer them a high-quality and comparable standard of care.