Risk factors and management for acute otitis media in Referral Hospitals

Setiawan, Eka Putra and Rahayu, Made Lely and Saputra, Komang Andi Dwi and Prananda, Pande Agus Parta (2025) Risk factors and management for acute otitis media in Referral Hospitals. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews, 23 (3). 048-055. ISSN 2582-4597

Acute Otitis media (AOM) is a common inflammatory condition of the middle ear, particularly affecting children. About 85% of children experience at least one episode of acute otitis media within the first three years of life, with a significant risk for developing recurrent or chronic forms of the disease. The primary etiological agents are viral and bacterial infections, primarily from upper respiratory tract infections. Main risk factors include upper respiratory infections, exposure to smoke, and the anatomical design of the Eustachian tube, increase its susceptibility in children. Proper management is crucial to avoid complications such as chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) and potential intracranial infections. Treatment may include observation for mild cases, analgesics, and antibiotics for confirmed bacterial infections. For children at high risk or with severe symptoms, immediate antibiotic therapy is recommended. Surgery, such as tympanostomy tube placement, is considered for recurrent AOM in children, particularly those experiencing multiple episodes within a year. Non-pharmacological interventions should focus on addressing anatomical abnormalities and enhancing Eustachian tube function. The implementation of pneumococcal vaccination is vital in reducing AOM incidence. Overall, addressing both environmental and biological risk factors alongside appropriate therapeutic measures is fundamental to managing otitis media effectively and preventing recurrences in the pediatric population.