Rare and remarkable: A concise review unmasking the enigmas of fungal Rhinosinusitis

Sutanegara, Sari Wulan Dwi and Sari, Ni Luh Sartika and Pradiptha, I Putu Yupindra and Frasiska, Kadek Devi Ari (2025) Rare and remarkable: A concise review unmasking the enigmas of fungal Rhinosinusitis. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31 (3). pp. 155-167. ISSN 2581-3250

Fungal rhinosinusitis is a rare and complex form of rhinosinusitis, and it has been traditionally associated with immunocompromised individuals. However, recent reports have shown a rising incidence even among immunocompetent patients. The disease presents with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild non-invasive forms to invasive types that can be life-threatening. Diagnosis remains challenging due to non-specific clinical signs and imaging findings, often requiring histopathological examination for confirmation. Management strategies are highly variable and depend on the subtype, involving a combination of surgical intervention, corticosteroids, antifungal agents, and, in some cases, biologic therapies. Despite its clinical significance, literature on fungal rhinosinusitis remains limited. This review aims to provide clinicians with a concise summary of current knowledge on diagnosing and managing fungal rhinosinusitis, aiming to improve awareness and guide effective clinical practice.