A Comprehensive Review of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications: Benefits, risks, misuse, and regulatory perspectives

Sapkal, Rutik N and Kohale, Snehal P and Kubde, Jitendra A and Hatwar, Pooja R and Bakal, Ravindra L (2025) A Comprehensive Review of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications: Benefits, risks, misuse, and regulatory perspectives. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 31 (3). pp. 128-135. ISSN 2581-3250

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications, also known as non-prescription drugs, are widely used for managing a variety of minor and self-limiting conditions without a physician’s prescription. While OTC medications enhance healthcare accessibility, reduce costs, and empower patient self-care, they are not without risks. This review explores the various dimensions of OTC drug use, including classification, therapeutic benefits, misuse and abuse patterns, safety considerations in specific populations such as children and pregnant women, and pharmacist interventions. The document highlights the potential for adverse effects, drug interactions, and public misconceptions regarding the safety of OTC products. Furthermore, it discusses strategies adopted by pharmacists and healthcare systems to mitigate misuse, alongside the growing influence of digital platforms in promoting OTC products. This comprehensive overview underscores the importance of informed use, education, and regulatory oversight in ensuring the safe and effective use of OTC medications.