Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment

Thak, Ishar K. and Hatwar, Pooja R. and Bakal, Ravindra L. and Ajmire, Om N. (2025) Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30 (3). pp. 112-117. ISSN 2581-3250

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-rich plaques in the arteries, leading to cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves the interplay between vascular and immunological cells, with oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction playing key roles. Lifestyle-related risk factors, such as diet, smoking, and physical activity, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Diagnosis is typically made using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography. Treatment strategies focus on reducing low-density lipoprotein levels, managing risk factors, and preventing clinical events. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of atherosclerosis, highlighting its pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment