A review of lyophilization

Samyuktha, Anantharapu Preethi and Ramesh, Yerikala and Chandra, Yadala Prapurna and Penabaka, Venugopalaiah (2025) A review of lyophilization. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30 (2). 007-021. ISSN 2581-3250

Lyophilization is one of the most promising methods for drying. Lyophilization or freeze drying is a technique wherein moisture seems to be covered in ice, including its disposal from the sample, by sublimation (primary drying) and desorption (secondary drying). Lyophilization is prevalent yet generally expensive, and therefore, one of several primary targets throughout freeze-drying process improvement is to reduce the drying time (mainly primary drying time, which would be the lengthiest of three significant steps in freeze-drying). Nevertheless, raising the shelf temperature into secondary drying before removing most ice from the product will probably trigger breakdown or recrystallization melt. Thus, it would be tough to identify the end of primary drying from the product's quality and method economy viewpoint. This overview focused on its latest advancement and goals in the near term. Initially, the basic concept, required steps, formulation elements, significance of Lyophilization, techniques of Lyophilization, and identification of the ultimate conclusion in Lyophilization were clarified.