A review in pollen grains for plants

Almosawi, Mohamed Baqer Hussine (2025) A review in pollen grains for plants. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 30 (1). 020-030. ISSN 2581-3250

Ripe pollen's primary morphological, cytological, and physiological characteristics are explained, contrasted, examined, and explored alone, in various combinations, and in relation to the female counterpart as well as the biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The goal is to attempt and figure out why pollen grains have the same reproductive function yet differ greatly in morphology and physiology during dispersal. One or more grain types per species, size and shape, number of cells, pollen dispersal unit types, sporoderm stratification, furrows, colpori, and other apertures, pollen presentation and array, water content percentage, mature pollen reserves, and osmotics are among the characteristics taken into consideration. Some pollen characteristics are related to each other, while others are tied to the female counterpart or competition between males and females, and still others are related to the many elements of the species' habitat, flowering season, and pollen presentation time.