Blockchain-enabled solutions for enhancing supply chain transparency and traceability

Amiri, Sayed Mahbub Hasan and Islam, Md. Mainul and Hossen, Mohammad Shakhawat and Amiri, Sayed Majhab Hasan and Mamun, Mohammad Shawkat Ali and Akter, Naznin (2025) Blockchain-enabled solutions for enhancing supply chain transparency and traceability. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 16 (1). pp. 928-945. ISSN 2582-8185

Global supply chains suffer from fragmented data silos, limited transparency, and vulnerability to fraud/counterfeiting. Traditional centralized systems fail to provide real-time, immutable traceability, leading to inefficiencies in recalls, compliance, and stakeholder trust. We propose blockchain-based architecture leveraging distributed ledger technology (DLT) and smart contracts to create an end-to-end transparent, tamper-proof traceability system. This work designs and validates an enterprise-ready blockchain framework (Hyperledger Fabric) integrated with IoT sensors, uniquely addressing scalability and interoperability gaps in prior solutions. It quantifies performance-security trade-offs and stakeholder adoption barriers. A modular architecture was implemented, combining RFID/GPS sensors for data acquisition, PBFT consensus, and automated smart contracts. A real-world agri-food supply chain case study (organic coffee) evaluated performance, security, and usability across 5 stakeholder tiers. The system achieved 350 TPS throughput with <2-second latency, reducing paperwork by 85% and dispute resolution time by 30%. Security audits confirmed zero tampering incidents. Stakeholder surveys (N=42) showed 89% trust improvement but highlighted cost (72%) and technical literacy (58%) as adoption hurdles. Comparative analysis demonstrated 40% lower operational redundancy versus hybrid systems. Blockchain significantly enhances supply chain transparency and traceability with measurable efficiency gains. Future work will integrate AI-driven predictive analytics and cross-chain protocols.