Environmental Persistence and Sterility in US Healthcare Settings: Insights on Candida auris and Clostridioides difficile

Adjei, Franklin Akwasi and Afriyie, Augustine and Frempong, Bernard Kwame (2025) Environmental Persistence and Sterility in US Healthcare Settings: Insights on Candida auris and Clostridioides difficile. World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 23 (1). pp. 454-461. ISSN 2582-5542

Hospital-acquired infections are of critical public health concern, leading to prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and high morbidity and mortality rates. In the United States, pathogens such as Candida auris and Clostridioides difficile present unique challenges due to their remarkable environmental persistence. These organisms can survive on surfaces and medical equipment for extended periods, resist standard disinfectants, and contribute to recurrent outbreaks in healthcare settings. Their persistence not only sustains transmission within hospitals but also poses risks to the broader community through the potential spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. This article analyses the role of environmental sterility in preventing and controlling infections in healthcare settings, with a focus on the challenges posed by C. auris and C. difficile. Current cleaning and disinfection strategies are reviewed alongside innovative approaches such as hydrogen peroxide vapor, ultraviolet subtype-C light, and advanced sporicidal agents. Despite the implementation of extensive infection control protocols, gaps persist in effectively addressing these pathogens, underscoring the need for strengthened environmental hygiene practices. Addressing environmental persistence is essential not only for improving patient safety in healthcare facilities but also for preventing the transmission of resistant organisms into the broader public.