Protecting the Grid: Cybersecurity strategies for renewable energy integration

Ogunmoye, Kehinde Adedapo and Agupugo, Chijioke Paul and Ejichukwu, Emmanuella and Barros, Pedro and Hayden, Mario David (2025) Protecting the Grid: Cybersecurity strategies for renewable energy integration. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 26 (3). pp. 1302-1319. ISSN 2581-9615

The global transition toward renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, is reshaping modern power systems and introducing new vulnerabilities within the electrical grid. As distributed energy resources (DERs) and smart grid technologies become increasingly interconnected through digital communication networks, cybersecurity emerges as a critical component of resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure. This paper explores the unique cybersecurity challenges posed by renewable energy integration, including increased attack surfaces, insecure legacy systems, and vulnerabilities in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled devices. The study analyzes recent incidents and threat vectors, such as malware attacks, data breaches, and supply chain compromises, that highlight the urgent need for robust security mechanisms across the energy value chain. Through a comprehensive review of current cybersecurity frameworks, this research proposes a multi-layered defense strategy that combines risk assessment, network segmentation, intrusion detection systems, blockchain for secure energy transactions, and artificial intelligence-driven threat intelligence. The role of regulatory compliance, workforce training, and stakeholder collaboration is emphasized as a prerequisite for ensuring grid integrity. Additionally, the study evaluates advanced cryptographic protocols and zero-trust architectures as proactive measures for safeguarding digital assets and operational technologies. Case studies from various global regions illustrate how countries are addressing cybersecurity in their renewable energy deployment plans, offering practical insights into scalable and adaptive defense models. The findings underscore the necessity of embedding cybersecurity in the planning, design, and operation phases of renewable energy projects. As power grids become more decentralized and dynamic, protecting them from cyber threats is no longer optional but essential for national security, economic stability, and public safety. The study concludes with strategic policy recommendations and a call for international cooperation to establish standardized cybersecurity benchmarks tailored to the evolving needs of renewable energy systems.