Decentralized energy security: Cybersecurity challenges and opportunities in distributed renewable energy

Barros, Pedro and Agupugo, Chijioke Paul and Ejichukwu, Emmanuella and Ogunmoye, Kehinde Adedapo and Hayden, Mario David (2025) Decentralized energy security: Cybersecurity challenges and opportunities in distributed renewable energy. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 26 (3). pp. 1256-1272. ISSN 2581-9615

The transition towards decentralized energy systems, driven by the global shift to renewable energy sources, introduces new cybersecurity complexities that challenge traditional energy security paradigms. Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE) systems comprising solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, microgrids, and battery storage are inherently decentralized, networked, and reliant on advanced digital technologies for real-time monitoring, control, and optimization. While these systems offer resilience, flexibility, and sustainability, they also expand the attack surface for cyber threats due to their reliance on Internet of Things (IoT) devices, cloud computing, and bidirectional communication protocols. This paper critically examines the cybersecurity challenges associated with DRE infrastructure, including unauthorized access, data breaches, malware propagation, and system manipulation, all of which could lead to energy theft, grid instability, and large-scale outages. Emerging opportunities lie in developing adaptive cybersecurity frameworks tailored to the unique topology of decentralized energy networks. These include the integration of artificial intelligence for anomaly detection, blockchain technologies for secure data exchange and identity management, and zero-trust architectures to enforce stringent access control. Additionally, the convergence of operational technology (OT) and information technology (IT) within DRE environments demands cross-sectoral collaboration, robust regulatory frameworks, and enhanced stakeholder awareness to build cyber-resilient systems. The paper also highlights the necessity for proactive risk assessment, real-time threat intelligence sharing, and the establishment of decentralized security standards to harmonize practices across diverse stakeholders and jurisdictions. Case studies from recent cyber incidents in the energy sector provide empirical evidence of vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies. By exploring both the risks and solutions, the study underscores the dual imperative of securing DRE systems not only as critical infrastructure but also as pivotal enablers of the global clean energy transition. In conclusion, while decentralized energy systems present new cybersecurity challenges, they also create opportunities to reimagine and strengthen energy security in the digital age. Addressing these issues through innovation, regulation, and cooperation will be crucial for ensuring sustainable and secure energy futures.