The impact of smoking on the digestive system

Smoking is a well-known risk factor for numerous health conditions, particularly affecting the digestive system. It contributes to a wide range of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), liver diseases, and even gastrointestinal malignancies. This review examines the diverse effects of smoking on the digestive system, highlighting the underlying mechanisms, epidemiological evidence, and potential for prevention through smoking cessation.